NETWORKING CONCEPTS

                                                                                                                                                                    

                                         NETWORKING CONCEPTS

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NETWORKING & TOPOLOGIES

 

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES: 

CLICK (ABOVE) HERE TO VIEW SLIDES

CYBER HYGIENE

 

CYBER HYGIENE

INTERNET THREATS:

            There are a lot of dangers that pose clear threats to internet users and they seem to get more dangerous every day. There are various threats which cause damage to your computer, and even to networked computers.

 

Types of Internet Threats:

• Viruses.
• Network worms.
• Trojans.
• Spyware/Adware.
• Other Malware.
• Other Threats.

A virus is a program that replicates itself, usually by attaching itself to other files and program. A worm is a program that does not infect other programs but makes copies of itself. Trojan horse programs do not replicate nor make copies of themselves, by rely on other "Manual" method of distribution. Viruses are spread in a variety of ways.

SOME EXAMPLES:

• E-mail attachments.
• Instant Messages links and attachments.
• Compromised web services.
• Usenet News groups.
• Internets relay chat channels.
• Floppy diskettes.
• File downloads.

DETECTING THREATS:

• Show computer, system reboots.
• Mouse moves itself.
• Browse goes to unexpected websites.
• Slow internet access.
• Endless popup ads.
• New desktop tools bars.

PROTECTION OF COMPUTER FROM CYBER ATTACKS:

1. Keep your firewall turned on.
2. Keep all your software and your operating system up-to date.
3. Keep your antivirus software up to date.
4. Keep your Antispyware technology up to date Anti-Virus program.

ANTI-VIRUS: An antivirus program is designed to protect your computer from possible viruses infection. Most viruses are designed to operate in the background that the user will not notice. Virus protection program search for, detect, and attempt to remove these viruses. Anti-virus program must be kept up to date in order for them to provide adequate protection.

 

INSTALLING SYMANTEC ANTIVIRUS 8.1:

ü  Exit other programs, already exiting antivirus software's on your computer.

ü  Double click the "Symantec 8.1 - setup.exe" installer.

ü  The installation window, labeled "Symantec antivirus client setup" will open, click next to proceed.

ü  Read the license agreement and click on "I accept the terms of the license agreement" and click Next button.

ü  You will be given the option to install snap-ins for checking e-mail. "Do not check either of the snap-ins" click Next.

ü  You will be given an option to install either the Managed (or) unmanaged version of Symantec Anti-Virus, click "Unmanaged" then click next.

ü  Check on "Run live update" and click Next and click "Install" button.

ü  A window containing technology support information will appear click on Next.

ü  Click finish button and then "Reboot now".

 

WEB BROWSERS AND SURFING THE WEB

 WEB BROWSERS AND SURFING THE WEB

Students customize their web browsers with the LAN proxy settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and pop up blockers. Also, plug-ins like Macromedia Flash and JRE for applets should be configured. 

Surfing (or) browsing the net means going across the internet in search of particular topic to surf the net we need a suitable tool which is nothing but a Web Browser.

Web Browsers help to download the required content and they communicate with server using TCP/IP Protocol to retrieve and display required information. These supports internet protocol like HTTP, FTP, using HTML. Web Browser uses powerful programming languages like Java, Java Script cold fusion, PHP (Hypertext preprocessor), VB (Visual Basic), XML (extended mark up languages), Perl (Practical extraction and reporting language) and other surfing languages.

The popular Web Browsers are Microsoft internet explorer, Mozilla Fire Fox, Apple Safari, net Scope Navigator, Opera, and Lynx.

CUSTOMIZING WEB BROWSERS WITH LAN PROXY SETTINGS:

1. Select Tools menu in IE.
2. Select internet options.          
3. Select connections.

 Here we have two options:

a.       Dial-up and virtual private Network (VPN).

b.      LAN setting.

The selection is dependent on kind of connections you are trying to configure. They are:

              i.        Dial-up Modem connection.

            ii.        LAN connection.

          iii.        DSL (Digital) subscriber line) or cable Modem.

INTERNET BOOK MARKS:

            The purpose of internet Book Mark is to easily access Web pages that the user has visited and plans to visit.

            The book marks with in internet explorer are called favorites.

POP-UP BLOCKERS:

1.         Pop up adds (or) pop-ups are a form of one line advertising on www to attract the attention of users.

2.         Pop up interrupt the user less but making it more difficult for the user to determine which Webs opened them.

3.         Now must of the Web Browsers allow the user to block unwanted pop-up completely.

 

 

 

 

PLUG – INS:

1.         A plug – in is a software component program that interact with a main (host) program or application to provide better integration of Media.

2.         Plug-ins extends the existing browser capabilities like Multimedia files are launched and place in browser window.

3.         Few famous plug-ins are

®       Apple quick time.

®       Real Networks.

®       Macromedia flash.

®       Microsoft Media Player.

®       Adobe shockwave.

®       Sun Microsystems’s Java Applets.

 

SEARCH ENGINES AND NETIQUETTE

SEARCH ENGINE:

Search engines are one of the primary ways that the internet users find websites. The term “search engine” is often used generically to describe both crawler based search engines and Human powered directories. These two types of search engines gather their listings in radically different ways.  

 

CRAWLER BASED SEARCH ENGINES:

            Crawler Based search engines such as Google create their listings automatically. They “Crawler” or “Spider” the web then people search through what they have formed if you charge your Web pages crawler based search engines eventually find these changes and that can affect how you are listed page little, body copy and other elements which all play a role.  

 

HUMAN POWER DIRECTIONS:

            A human powered directory such as an open directory depends on humans for its listing you submit a short description to the directory for your entire site (or) editors write once for sites. They review a search looks for matches only in the description submitted.

            Search engine software is the third part of search engine. This is the program that sifts through the millions of pages recorded in the index to find matches to a search and rank them in order of what it believes in most relevant.

 

NETIQUETTE [INTERNET ETIQUETTE]:

1. "Netiquette" stands for "Internet Etiquette", and refers to the set of practices created over the years to make the Internet experience pleasant for everyone.
2. Like other forms of etiquette, netiquette is primarily concerned with matters of courtesy in communications.
3. The Internet is a "place" with its own very special rules. People who communicate over the Internet are called "Netizens".
4. It's important to learn the rules of the Internet before you logon, so that you can be a "good netizen".
5. Netiquette is the "do's and don’ts" of communicating on the Internet. It explains what is and is not acceptable behavior online and what you should and should not do.

 

RULES FOR NETIQUETTE:

Rule1:  Remember the Human.

Rule2:  Adhere to real-life standards of behavior.

®    Be ethical.

®    If you use shareware, pay for it.

®    Breaking the law is bad Netiquette.

Rule3:  Know where you are in cyberspace.

Rule4:  Respect other people's time and bandwidth.

Rule5:  Make yourself look good online.

Rule6:  Share expert knowledge.

Rule7:  Help keep flame wars under control.

Rule8:  Respect other people's privacy.

Rule9:  Don't abuse your power.

Rule10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes

Microsoft Word Shortcuts

 Microsoft Word Shortcuts:

·         To Create a New Document: Click the Office Button, select New, and click Create, or press <Ctrl> + <N>.

·         To Open a Document: Click the Office Button and select Open, or press <Ctrl> + <O>.

·         To Save a Document: Click the        Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar, or press <Ctrl> + <S>.

·         To Save a Document with a Different Name: Click the Office Button, select Save As, and enter a new name for the document.

·         To Preview a Document: Click the Office Button, point to the Print list arrow, and select Print Preview.

·         To Print a Document: Click the Office Button and select Print, or press <Ctrl> + <P>.

·         To Undo: Click the  Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar or press <Ctrl> + <Z>.

·         To Close a Document: Click the  Close button or press <Ctrl> + <W>.

·         To Get Help: Press <F1> to open the Help window. Type your question and press <Enter>.

·         To Exit Word: Click the Office Button and click Exit Word.

·         To Cut or Copy Text: Select the text you want to cut or copy and click the Cut or Copy button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab.

·         To Paste Text: Place the insertion point where you want to paste and click the Paste button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab.

·         To Format Selected Text: Use the commands in the Font group on the Home tab, or click the Dialog Box Launcher in the Font group to open the Font dialog box.

·         To Copy Formatting with the Format Painter: Select the text with the formatting you want to copy and click the Format Painter button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. Then, select the text you want to apply the copied formatting to.

·         To Change Paragraph Alignment: Select the paragraph(s) and click the appropriate alignment button ( Align Left,  Center, Align Right, or Justify) in the Paragraph group on the Home tab.

·         To Indent a Paragraph: Click the Increase Indent button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab.

·         To Decrease an Indent: Click the Decrease Indent button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab.

·         To Add a Tab Stop: Click the Tab alignment box on the Ruler until you see the type of tab you want to insert. Then, click on the Ruler where you want to insert the tab stop.

·         To Adjust or Remove a Tab Stop: Click and drag the tab stop to the desired position on the Ruler. Click and drag the tab stop off the Ruler to remove it.

·         To Change Paragraph Line Spacing: Click the Line Spacing button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab and select an option from the list.

·         To Create a Bulleted or Numbered List: Select the paragraphs you want to bullet or number and click the   Bullets or Numbering button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab.

·         To Change a Document’s Margins: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Margins button in the Page Setup group, and select a setting.

·         To Change Page Orientation: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Orientation button, and select an option from the list.

·         To Insert a Header or Footer: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Header or Footer button in the Header & Footer group.

·         To Insert a Manual Page Break: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Page Break button in the Page Setup group.

·         To Insert a Section Break: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Breaks button in the Page Setup group, and select the type of break you want to insert.

·         To Correct a Spelling Error: Right-click the error and select a correction from the contextual menu. Or, press <F7> to run the Spell Checker.

·         To Find Text: Click the Find button in the Editing group on the Home tab.

·         To Replace Text: Click the Replace button in the Editing group on the Home tab.

 

OS FEATURES & TROUBLE SHOOTING:

 Identify the problem in PC which does not boot due to improper assembly or defective peripherals, fix it toget the computer back to working condition.

AIM: Hardware troubleshooting Troubleshoot:-

1. If you hit the power button & nothing happened.

 Check all power connections.

 Check for power on motherboard.

2. If the system turns on but does not beep or begin to bootup.

 Remove all components except motherboard/ cpu / mother check by giving

power to them Computer error beeps codes:

No beep: short, no power, bad CPU/ MD, :loose peripherals.

One beep: everything is normal & computer posted tax.

Two beeps: post / CMOS error.

One long beep One short beep: Motherboard problem.

One long beep two short beep: video problem.

One long beep 3 short beeps: video problem. 3

long beeps: keyboarderror.

Repeated long beep: memory error.

Continuous high- low beeps: CPU overheating Experiment no: 1

Basic troubleshooting:

Sometimes things do not work exactly as planned at this point. Sometimes the system will not power

on at all. Sometimes it will power on, but you get no video. Sometimes you will get beep codes.

Sometimes you hear the fans, but the rest of the PC just sits there and does nothing. If things didn't go according to plan, troubleshoot the system. Walk mentally through the boot process and check all

hardware as it goes. Think like the computer thinks, if you know what I mean. Here is a list of some

of the more commonproblems.

 

 

1. The power does not even turn on. This sometimes happens on ATX machines and it usually

tracks down to the fact that the power switch is not properly connected to the motherboard or

it is not connected at all. Find the power switch lead and make sure it is connected to the

motherboard.It’sapossibilitythatsimplyreversingtheleadwilldothetrick.Ifthisisthenot

the case, then make sure the motherboard is not grounded somehow. Make sure that the board

is not touching the case (this is what the spacers are for). Make sure that none of the screws

that hold the board in place is touching anything metal or any of the electrical pathways on the

motherboard. If you have any doubt on this, you can remove each screw one at a time and

place a washer on them. You do not need to remove the motherboard to do this.

 

2. The PC boots, but it is giving beep codes. This is actually better than having to track

everything down on your own, because at least the PC is giving you a hint as to what is

wrong. You can also use the PC Mechanic Beep Codes E-book available on the PC Mechanic

CD to track it down for other BIOS versions. Often, these beep codes will not tell you exactly

what the problem is, but will point you at the trouble device. This information will then get

you pointed in the correctdirection.

 

3. The fans come on, but you get no video or beeps. Sometimes, this is because some key

component may not be plugged in well or may not be operational. Check the memory modules

and the processor to be sure they are firmly installed. You might want to make sure the

processor is actually working. One way that I have used to see if a processor is working is to

remove or unplug the CPU fan and place your fingers on the CPU to see if it heats up real fast.

If it does, its OK and don’t let it run this way for long. If it remains at room temperature for

awhile, then there is no juice going through the processor and it may need replacing. The

keyboard doesn’t seem to work. This one doesn’t happen too often, but if it does, your two

trouble sources will be the keyboard itself or the keyboard controller on the motherboard.

Hope it isn’t the secondone.

 

AIM: Software troubleshooting

PROCEDURE:

Error messages encountered during boot before Windows loads

Ensure that your computer BIOS settings are correctly configured to the hardware that is installed in

your computer Error messages while windows loading

1.If you have recently installed or changed something that could have caused normal windows to stop

loading , try loading the last known good configuration

2.If you are unable to get into Normal windows and believe that removing or uninstalling a program

or changing a setting may help enable you to get into windows , boot the computer into windows XP

safemode.

3.If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing the issue you are

encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer to an earlierdate

Other error messages that occur while windows is loading or after windows is loaded

1.If error occur but windows still loads , verify no issues or conflict exits in device manager

2.Ensure that if programs are loading automatically that these errors are not associated with these

programs

3.Make sure Windows XP is up to date by checking Microsoft windows updatepage

4.If your computer has virus protection installed make sure that it is up to date and that no virus are

Being detected

5. If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing the issue you

are encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer to an earlierdate.

                                     Software Troubleshooting:

                                    BIOS SETUP & DISK FORMATTING

What Is BIOS?

BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input Output System.

 Why BIOS?

To run any system, there must be default settings so that the system can load those settings when it is started or restarted. For a computer system the basic I/O settings and boot process details are

necessary to start a system.

All these default, predefined settings will be loaded in the BIOS and whenever we start the system,

these settings will be loaded.

How to view BIOS?

Whenever we start the system, we can enter into the BIOS Setup Utility by pressing Del Key.

Sometimes an F1 or F8 key has to be instead of DEL key, depending on the type of BIOS.

When we enter in to this utility we get these following menus/services, depending upon our mother

board.

In main Menu, we can view the details such as BIOS Version, Processor Type, and Speed, RAM

Size and the system bus speed and memory speed.

We can change the settings like language system time and date. We can even change the hyper threading facility if the processor supports this technology.

We must be very careful when we change these settings otherwise it may cause our system to

malfunction.

Here, we can change the settings of PCI devices, Floppy Drives configuration and chipset, USB

peripheral devices and even monitoring the Hardware.

Security

We can set the supervisor password, to restrict unauthorized users to enter the BIOS setup utility.

User password can also be set to restrict the unauthorized persons to boot or use the system.

How to type a Password?

We can even set the Chassis Intrusion to protect the system devices from removing the components of the system.

Power

The power settings protect the system from power failures by configuring the ACPI.

For example, after power failure we can stay off the system or Power on the system or else we can

even make the system to restore its previous state by selecting the appropriate options.

Boot

Silent boot : If this option is enabled it displays only the OEM logo and in the background

POST (Power on Self Test) completes. If this is disabled, instead of LOGO, we can view POST

messages

Rapid BIOS Boot: By enabling this option it will decrease the time needed to boot the by skipping

some unnecessary tests.

Here, we can also set the boot sequence from the available devices by selecting Boot Device Priority.

We can even view the Hard Drives and any removable devices and attached to the system.

Exit :

By selecting the appropriate options we can exit from the BIOS setup like exiting the setup by saving

or discarding the changes or even by loading optimal or default values.

Disassembling And Assembling a PC

 

Given a computer in working condition, disassemble and assemble it back to Working condition.

Procedure:

 

List of Computer Parts are: Cabinet, MotherBoard, Processor, Hard Disk, RAM, SMPS, Floppy Drive, DVD R/W Drive, AGP Card, and VGA Card etc…

 

Materials required:

 

¨                  Philips head Screwdriver (also known as Star Screwdriver)

 

¨                  Flat head Screwdriver

 

¨                  Forceps (for pulling out jumpers and screws)

 

¨                  Magnetized Screwdriver

 

¨                  Multi meter (Testing)

 

 

 Disassemble:

 

^Ø  Disassembling means removing part by part in a system or removing the partsseparately.

 

Steps to Disassemble a PC:-

 

¨                  Remove the Power Supply from wall socket and remove all the connections.

 

¨                  Remove all the screws of the cabinet with a star headed screw driver and open the cabinet doors.

 

¨                  Remove the connections to the processor from SMPS.

 

¨                  Remove the SMPS

 

¨                  Remove the Heat Sink fan which is placed on the top of the processor.

 

¨                  Remove the Processor by raising the lift lever.

 

¨                  Remove the RAM from the RAM Slots.

 

¨                  Remove the AGP Cards if any.Also Remove VGA Cards if any.

 

¨                  Remove the Network Cards if any.

 

¨                  Remove the Connections to the Hard Disk from motherboard.

 

¨                  Remove the Connections to the CD/DVD/Floppy Disk from motherboard.

 

¨                  Remove the Motherboard from the cabinet.

 

 

 

Assembling:

 

^Ø  After buying all the computer components they must be put together. This process is called assembling.

 

 

Steps to Assemble a PC:-

 

1)                 Install the Motherboard to the cabinet using the star headed screw driver.

 

2)                Install the Processor by raising the lift lever on the CPU Socket.

 

3)                 Install the Heat Sink fan.

 

4)                Install the SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)

 

5)                 Give the connections to the processor from the SMPS.

 

6)                Install the RAM in to the RAM Slots.

7)                Install the VGA Cards. (VGA ^à Video Graphic Adapter)

 

8)                Install the AGP Cards. (AGP ^à Accelerated Graphics Port)

 

9)                Install the Network Cards.

 

10)             Install the Hard Disk.

 

11)              Install the CD/DVD/Floppy Disk to the motherboard.

 

12)             Screw the doors of the cabinet using the star headed screw driver.

 

13)              Finally give all the connections including the power supply from the wall socket.

 

Note: Be sure to handle all the components with great care. If a screw is dropped on the Motherboard;it can damage the delicate circuitry.